What Do Achievement Tests Measure

Achievement tests have always been part of school, but they have taken on more pronounced importance in American education with the passage of the 2001 No Child Left Behind Act. Achievement tests are typically standardized and designed to measure subject and grade-level specific knowledge. Historically, they have been used as a way to determine at what level a student is performing in subjects such as math and reading. The 2001 law, which was replaced in 2015 with President Obamas Every Student Succeeds Act, linked the results on achievement tests to a wide range of political and administrative outcomes, from funding of school programs to individual teacher salaries. History The origins of standardized testing go back to the Confucian era in China when would-be government officials were screened for their aptitudes. Western societies, indebted to the models provided by Greek culture, favored testing by essay or oral examination. With the industrial revolution and the explosion in childhood education, standardized tests emerged as a way of assessing large groups of children quickly. In France in the early 20th century, the psychologist Alfred Binet developed a standardized test that would eventually become the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test, a major component of the modern IQ test. By World War I, standardized tests were a common way to assess the fitness for various branches of the armed forces. What Do the Tests Measure? The most common standardized tests are the ACT and SAT. Both are used to determine the fitness of prospective college students. Different tests are more popular in different parts of the country, and they test slightly differently. Students show a propensity for one test or the other: the SAT is geared toward testing logic, while the ACT is considered more a test of accumulated knowledge. No Child Left Behind opened the door to more extensive testing, as the results of achievements became a measure of a schools effectiveness. The explosive growth in the testing industry answered a call for assessments in grade schools as well, with students typically facing standardized testing every year after the third grade. Popular Achievement Tests In addition to the ACT and SAT, there are a number of achievement tests that are given to students in American public schools. Some of the most popular assessments are: Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT)Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement (KTEA)Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (WJ)Peabody Individual Achievement Test (PIAT-R)Metropolitan Achievement Test (MAT)National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) A number of private companies have emerged to get a piece of the assessment game. Some of the more popular ones: California Achievement TestITBS - Iowa Test of Basic SkillsSTAR Early Literacy, STAR Math, and STAR ReadingStanford Achievement TestTerraNovaWorkKeys

The Number One Article on Journal Research Writing Services

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A Reaction Paper to Pablo Picasso’s Guernica Free Essays

What would be the best way to express an outcry against war? How could one influence another, a crowd, or even the world? During the Spanish Civil War in 1937, the Basque town of Guernica was bombarded by the German Air Force, which led to the deaths of hundreds of innocent people. In response to this, Spanish-painter Pablo Picasso expressed his outrage with a mural-sized painting entitled Guernica, his memorial to the brutal massacre, which has since become the twentieth century’s most powerful indictment against war, a painting that still feels intensely relevant today. Confusing and chaotic; those were the words to describe the painting at first glance. We will write a custom essay sample on A Reaction Paper to Pablo Picasso’s Guernica or any similar topic only for you Order Now I was thrown into the midst of seeing everything in a state of instability. Every nook and cranny screams the word death. On the far left is a woman, head back, screaming in pain and grief, holding the lifeless body of her dead child. This is one of the most devastating and unforgettable images in the painting. To her right is the head and partial body of a large white bull, the only unharmed and calm figure amidst the chaos. Beneath her, a dead or wounded man with a severed arm and mutilated hand clutches a broken sword. Only his head and arms are visible; the rest of his body is obscured by the overlapping and scattered parts of other figures. In the center stands a terrified horse, mouth open screaming in pain, its side pierced by a spear. On the right are three more women. One rushes in, looking up at the stark light bulb at the top of the scene. Another leans out of the window of a burning house, her long extended arm holding a lamp, while the third woman appears trapped in the burning building, screaming in fear and horror. All their faces are distorted in agony. Eyes are dislocated, mouths are open, tongues are shaped like daggers. The space is little to none, compacted and ambiguous with various perspectives and multiple viewpoints characteristic of Picasso’s earlier Cubist style. Images overlap and intersect, obscuring forms and making it hard to distinguish their boundaries. Bodies are distorted and semi-abstracted, the forms discontinuous and fragmentary. Everything seems jumbled together, while sharp angular lines seem to pierce and splinter the dismembered bodies. However, there is in fact an overriding visual order. Picasso balances the composition by organizing the figures into three vertical groupings moving left to right, while the center figures are stabilized within a large triangle of light. Picasso chose to paint Guernica in a stark monochromatic palette of gray, black and white. This may reflect his initial encounter with the original newspaper reports and photographs in black and white; or perhaps it suggested to Picasso the objective factuality of an eye witness report. A documentary quality is further emphasized by the textured pattern in the center of the painting that creates the illusion of newsprint. The sharp alternation of black and white contrasts across the painting surface also creates dramatic intensity, a visual kinetic energy of jagged movement. In the end, the painting does not appear to have one exclusive meaning. Perhaps it is that very ambiguity, the lack of historical specificity, or the fact that brutal wars continue to be fought, that keeps Guernica as timeless and universally relatable today as it was in 1937. How to cite A Reaction Paper to Pablo Picasso’s Guernica, Papers